Personhood Cannot Be Reduced to Rights Alone
The language of "rights" dominates our understanding of justice and human dignity. Yet a grave danger lies in reducing the fullness of personhood to merely a collection of rights. This reductionism forgets that man is not a thing to be managed or a property to be owned or labor to be exploited and used—but a person, endowed with eternal dignity and ordered to the good with duties and responsibilities. Rights doesnt operate alone apart from these duties and responsibilites, natural law and common good otherwise they are unjust & toxic.
The concept of "rights" in its modern sense is historically tied to property—originating in the language of moveable goods, or capital, from the Latin capitale, meaning cattle. In this framework, human beings could tragically be categorized like any other form of capital—objects to be traded, owned, or moved. This underpinned the logic of chattel slavery, where persons were reduced to things.
The Church, however, offered a radically different vision. Medieval Christendom developed the Roman system of attacching the peasant to the land—however imperfect—the Church developed it into a more humane instrumnet, in part, a move away from slavery and viewing people as movable property providng a safety net welfare system and protection. More profoundly, the Church attached personhood to the sacrament of baptism and freedom. If one one had the capacity to be baptized, they were a person bearing the image of God—and thus was not to be treated as a thing or animal but as a moral agent with duties, responsibilities, and a calling toward sanctity. In this way essentially ending slavery for the most part.
John Locke, having to justify slavery and distinguish freeborn he reduced man to rights reducing Catholic Church's personhood to rights. That allowed a man as a propertry owning rights to enjoy freedom of movement. But modern liberalism’s solution—defining personhood almost exclusively in terms of individual rights—has not solved the deeper issue. It has instead opened the door to new forms of dehumanization: abortion, euthanasia, exploitation, and utilitarian frameworks where the weak are sacrificed for the benefit of the strong.
Rights, when severed from duties, the common good, and natural law, become unjust. They can justify anything, even evil, if not anchored in truth and responsibility. When personhood is defined merely by the possession of rights, man becomes little more than a legal fiction—an object whose dignity is contingent, not inherent.
A just society must begin not with rights, but with the recognition of the human person as a creature called to love, to communion, and to God. From this, duties flow naturally—and rights only make sense when they serve this higher calling.
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